gangguan jiwa (update)

Pedoman Penggolongan Diagnosis Gangguan Jiwa (PPDGJ) menyusun klasifikasi gangguan kejiwaan  sebagai berikut:

Gangguan psikomatik (contoh: schizophrenia)

-Skizofrenia merupakan penyakit otak yang timbul akibat ketidakseimbangan pada dopamin, yaitu salah satu sel kimia dalam otak. Ia adalah gangguan jiwa psikotik paling lazim dengan ciri hilangnya perasaan afektif atau respons emosional dan menarik diri dari hubungan antarpribadi normal. Sering kali diikuti dengan delusi (keyakinan yang salah) dan halusinasi (persepsi tanpa ada rangsang pancaindra).

skizofrenia adalah gangguan mental yang ditandai oleh proses disintegrasi pemikiran dan respon emosional. Ia paling umum memanifestasikan dirinya sebagai halusinasi pendengaran, paranoid atau delusi yg aneh, atau suara tidak teratur dan berpikir, dan itu disertai dengan disfungsi sosial atau pekerjaan yang signifikan

Gangguan cemas (contoh:panic attack, phobia)

-Panic attacks are periods of intense fear or apprehension that are of sudden onset and of relatively brief duration. Panic attacks usually begin abruptly, reach a peak within 10 minutes, and subside over the next several hours. Often those afflicted will experience significant anticipatory anxiety and limited symptom attacks in between attacks, in situations where attacks have previously occurred. The effects of a panic attack vary.

-phobia

Fobia adalah rasa ketakutan yang berlebihan pada sesuatu hal atau fenomena. Fobia bisa dikatakan dapat menghambat kehidupan orang yang mengidapnya. Bagi sebagian orang, perasaan takut seorang pengidap Fobia sulit dimengerti.

phobia is a type of anxiety disorder, usually defined as a persistent fear of an object or situation in which the sufferer commits to great lengths in avoiding, typically disproportional to the actual danger posed, often being recognized as irrational. In the event the phobia cannot be avoided entirely the sufferer will endure the situation or object with marked distress and significant interference in social or occupational activities.

Gangguan mood (contoh:bipolar mood, depression)

-Bipolar disorder or bipolar affective disorder, historically known as manic–depressive disorder, is a psychiatric diagnosis that describes a category of mood disorders defined by the presence of one or more episodes of abnormally elevated energy levels, cognition, and mood with or without one or more depressive episodes. The elevated moods are clinically referred to as mania or, if milder, hypomania. Individuals who experience manic episodes also commonly experience depressive episodes, or symptoms, or a mixed state in which features of both mania and depression are present at the same time.

 These events are usually separated by periods of "normal" mood; but, in some individuals, depression and mania may rapidly alternate, which is known as rapid cycling. Severe manic episodes can sometimes lead to such psychotic symptoms as delusions and hallucinations. The disorder has been subdivided into bipolar I, bipolar II, cyclothymia, and other types, based on the nature and severity of mood episodes experienced; the range is often described as the bipolar spectrum.

-Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behaviour, feelings and physical well-being. Depressed people may feel sad, anxious, empty, hopeless, helpless, worthless, guilty, irritable, or restless. They may lose interest in activities that once were pleasurable, experience loss of appetite or overeating, or problems concentrating, remembering details or making decisions; and may contemplate or attempt suicide. Insomnia, excessive sleeping, fatigue, loss of energy, or aches, pains or digestive problems that are resistant to treatment may be present.

  

Gangguan amnestic (contoh: amnesia)

-amnesia adalah kondisi terganggunya daya ingat. Penyebab amnesia dapat berupa organik atau fungsional. Penyebab organik dapat berupa kerusakan otak, akibat trauma atau penyakit, atau penggunaan obat-obatan (biasanya yang bersifat sedatif). Penyebab fungsional adalah faktor psikologis, seperti halnya mekanisme pertahanan ego. Amnesia dapat pula terjadi secara spontan, seperti terjadi pada transient global amnesia. Jenis amnesia global ini umum terjadi mulai usia pertengahan sampai usia tua, terutama pada pria, dan biasanya berlangsung kurang dari 24 jam.

-amnesia is a condition in which one's memory is lost. The causes of amnesia have traditionally been divided into categories. Functional causes are psychological factors, such as mental disorder, post-traumatic stress or, in psychoanalytic terms, defense mechanisms. Amnesia may also appear as spontaneous episodes, in the case of transient global amnesia.

Anterograde amnesia, is the loss of short-term memory, the loss or impairment of the ability to form new memories through memorization. People may find themselves constantly forgetting a piece of information, people or events after a few seconds or minutes, because the data does not transfer successfully from their conscious short-term memory into permanent long-term memory.

Retrograde amnesia, the loss of pre-existing memories to conscious recollection, beyond an ordinary degree of forgetfulness. The person may be able to memorize new things that occur after the onset of amnesia (unlike in anterograde amnesia), but is unable to recall some or all of their life or identity prior to the onset.

Gangguan dissosiatif (contoh: multiple personality)

-kepribadian ganda, atau juga lebih terkenal dengan nama alter ego. Merupakan suatu keadaan di mana kepribadian individu terpecah sehingga muncul kepribadian yang lain. Kepribadian itu biasanya merupakan ekspresi dari kepribadian utama yang muncul karena pribadi utama tidak dapat mewujudkan hal yang ingin dilakukannya. Dalam bahasa yang lebih sederhana dapat dikatakan bahwa ada satu orang yang memiliki pribadi lebih dari satu atau memiliki dua pribadi sekaligus. Kadang si penderita tidak tau bahwa ia memiliki kepribadian ganda, dua pribadi yang ada dalam satu tubuh ini juga tidak saling mengenal dan lebih parah lagi kadang-kadang dua pribadi ini saling bertolak belakang sifatnya.

-Dissociative identity disorder is a psychiatric diagnosis and describes a condition in which a person displays multiple distinct identities (known as alters or parts), each with its own pattern of perceiving and interacting with the environment.

In the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems the name for this diagnosis is multiple personality disorder. In both systems of terminology, the diagnosis requires that at least two personalities (one may be the host) routinely take control of the individual's behavior with an associated memory loss that goes beyond normal forgetfulness; in addition, symptoms cannot be the temporary effects of drug use or a general medical condition. DID is less common than other dissociative disorders, occurring in approximately 1% of dissociative cases, and is often comorbid with other disorders.

Individuals diagnosed with DID demonstrate a variety of symptoms with wide fluctuations across time; functioning can vary from severe impairment in daily functioning to normal or high abilities. Symptoms can include:

Signs and symptoms:

    * Multiple mannerisms, attitudes and beliefs which are not similar to each other

    * Unexplainable headaches and other body pains

    * Distortion or loss of subjective time ( a long time)

    * Depersonalization

    * Derealization

    * Severe memory loss

    * Depression

    * Flashbacks of abuse/trauma

    * Sudden anger without a justified cause

    * Frequent panic/anxiety attacks

    * Unexplainable phobias